Tris(2-Chloropropyl) Phosphate (TCPP)

Catalog NumberACM13674845-3

CAS Number13674-84-5

CategoryPhosphate Ester Flame Retardant

Synonyms	Tris(2-Chloropropyl) Phosphate (TCPP)
Molecular Weight	327.56
Molecular Formula	C9H18CL3PO4
Appearance	Colorless or light yellow transparent liquid
Application	Mainly used in the flame-retardance of PVC, polystyrene, phenolic resins, acrylic resins, rubber and coating.
Acid Value	Max 0.1 (mgKOH/g)
Content	Phosphate content (P%) 0.094; Chlorine content 32.5%
Packaging	Net weight: 250KG/galvanized iron drum,(18T/container); 1000KG/IBC drum; 20-23 tons /ISOTANK.
Refractive Index	nD25 1.4620-1.4650
Specific Gravity	1.28-1.30
Viscosity	64--70 @25℃

Download COA Download MSDS

Case Study

Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression in Polyurethane Foam with a TCPP and Silylated Nanocellulose Composite

Kim, Hansu, et al. Fibers and Polymers 20.11 (2019): 2280-2288.

This study addressed the dual challenge of improving flame retardancy while reducing toxic smoke emission in building materials. It presents a composite polyurethane foam (PUF) that synergistically combines the traditional halogenated flame retardant Tris(2-Chloropropyl) Phosphate (TCPP) with a green, silylated nanofibrillated cellulose (Si-NFC) additive.
Material Preparation and Formulation: Composite foams were fabricated using a standard polyurethane molding process. The key formulation (PUF4) incorporated 20 wt% TCPP and 5 wt% Si-NFC. The Si-NFC was prepared by treating nanofibrillated cellulose with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) to introduce silicon-containing functional groups.
Performance Enhancement: The Si-NFC/TCPP combination significantly improved the foam's fire safety profile without compromising processability. The composite achieved a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 24.6%, a marked increase from 19.3% for pristine PUF. Cone calorimetry tests confirmed substantial reductions in both the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and peak smoke production rate (pSPR), which are critical for providing safer evacuation time during a fire.
Mechanism: The enhanced performance is attributed to a synergistic protective mechanism in the condensed phase. During combustion, the phosphorus from TCPP and the silicon from Si-NFC interact to promote the formation of a denser, more thermally stable char layer. Analytical techniques confirmed the presence of phosphorus-silicon-carbon bonds in this residual char, which acts as an effective barrier, insulating the polymer matrix from heat and flames.

Tris(2-Chloropropyl) Phosphate (TCPP): Cellular Senescence in Human Keratinocytes and Product-Safety Implications

Liu, Jian-Xiang, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23.22 (2022): 14306.

Methods: Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) monolayers were exposed to TCPP (1.56-400 µg/mL; key assays run at 1.56-100 µg/mL) to evaluate cytotoxicity (IC50 ≈ 275 µg/mL), oxidative stress (DCFH-DA flow cytometry), DNA damage (γH2A.X), cell-cycle distribution (flow cytometry), senescence (SA-β-gal staining) and senescence-associated markers (qPCR and ELISA for p53/p21, IL-1β, IL-6).
Key Findings: TCPP produced a concentration-dependent fall in viability and increased intracellular ROS (≈149-178% of control at 6.25-100 µg/mL), accompanied by elevated γH2A.X foci and G1 cell-cycle arrest (76% G1 at 100 µg/mL vs 67% control). Senescence indicators rose (SA-β-gal positive cells ≈21→39% across treated groups), and p53/p21 mRNA increased (~3.4× and 2.2× at 100 µg/mL); IL-1β and IL-6 expression and secreted protein also increased.
Practical Implications: These data support that TCPP can trigger oxidative-stress-driven DNA damage and a senescence/SASP phenotype in skin cells - a mechanistic signal relevant to skin-aging hazard assessment. Given TCPP's widespread use in polyurethane foams and other consumer materials (potential routes for dermal exposure), these results warrant formulation and exposure-control review.
Formulation Note: For TCPP product holders and formulators: review dermal-exposure scenarios, migration and worker handling controls; consider migration-reducing strategies (encapsulation, polymer binding) and targeted toxicology/biomonitoring to inform risk management and product stewardship.

Microencapsulation of Tris(2-Chloropropyl) Phosphate for Safer Polyurethane Foams

Ülkü, Görkem, et al. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials 60.5 (2021): 562-570.

This study presented an innovative method to address the dual challenge of using the effective but problematic flame retardant, Tris(2-Chloropropyl) Phosphate (TCPP). The solution involved encapsulating liquid TCPP within a solid melamine-formaldehyde resin shell via in-situ polymerization. This technology prevents TCPP from diffusing out during the product's service life while ensuring its rapid release during a fire.
Development and Method: The microcapsules were synthesized by creating a stable emulsion of TCPP in an aqueous solution containing a melamine-formaldehyde prepolymer and surfactants. The process parameters, particularly stirring rate and surfactant content, were carefully controlled to produce capsules with an average diameter of 50-250 μm. This microencapsulation technology transforms the low-viscosity, mobile liquid TCPP into a solid particulate additive.
Performance and Results: The microencapsulated TCPP was incorporated into rigid polyurethane foam at a 9 wt% loading. The composite foam achieved an HB flame retardancy rating. The key innovation lies in the controlled release mechanism: the shell acts as a barrier during normal use, preventing environmental contamination, but ruptures upon exposure to fire to release the TCPP core. This creates a synergistic effect where TCPP acts in the gas phase and the nitrogen-rich resin shell promotes protective char formation in the condensed phase.

If the product of interest is not available in our catalog, please contact us to see if there is any relevant stock or other purchase channels.