Aluminum Diethylphosphinate (ADP)

Catalog NumberACM225789388-1

CAS Number225789-38-8

CategoryOther Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Description	The new model halogen-free flame retardant is halogen-free, green and environment-friendly flame retardant. It is insoluble in water and organic solvents, easily soluble in strong acid and alkali solutions.
Molecular Formula	3(C4H10O2P).Al
Appearance	white free-running powder
Application	This product can be widely used in thermoplastic plastics (PA, PBT), fibers and textiles as high-efficient flame retardant.
Bulk Density	250~400 kg/m3
Content	content of active substance: 99 (%) phosphorus content (w/w): 23~24%
Decomposition Temperature	>350℃
Feature	Good high thermal stability, non-toxic, low smoke, small particle size, small specific gravity, good dispersing property, etc.
Moisture Content	< 0.5%
Packaging	net weight 20kg
Particle Size	10-20 µm (D50)

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Case Study

Achieving Synergistic Flame Retardancy in Epoxy Resin with Aluminum Diethylphosphinate

Wang, Anqin, et al. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 147.13 (2022): 7277-7287.

Aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) was combined with melamine (MEL) and pentaerythritol (PER) to create synergistic flame-retardant epoxy composites. This ternary system leveraged phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) interactions and char-promoting mechanisms to enhance performance at reduced loadings.
Methodology: Epoxy resin composites were formulated with varying ratios of ADP, MEL, and PER. Key evaluations included limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 vertical burning tests for flammability, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability and residue yield, smoke production analysis via total smoke production (TSP), and char layer characterization.
Key Results:
· Samples with 15% ADP alone achieved an LOI of 29.5%, passed UL-94 V-0 (no dripping), and yielded 13.10% residue in TGA.
· Formulations with 10% total additives (EP-4 and EP-5 systems) exhibited excellent flame retardancy, confirming the synergistic effect of ADP/MEL/PER.
· Smoke Suppression & Char Enhancement: The EP-5 system demonstrated the lowest smoke production (TSP: 24.4 m2) and highest char layer (32.7 mm). PER critically enabled both smoke inhibition and efficient char formation.
· EP-5 showed a low average effective heat of combustion (AV-EHC: 27.35 MJ/kg), indicating gas-phase flame inhibition.

Dual-Phase Flame Retardancy in UHMWPE with Aluminum Diethylphosphinate

Lau, S., et al. Combustion and Flame 240 (2022): 112006.

Aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) was evaluated as a flame retardant for ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), focusing on its gas-phase activity during pyrolysis and combustion. The study employed advanced analytical techniques to elucidate AlPi's dual-phase (gas/condensed) retardancy mechanism.
Methodology: Fast pyrolysis of AlPi was probed by differential mass-spectrometric thermal analysis (DMSTA). Micro thermocouples and molecular beam mass spectrometry were applied to diffusion flames of UHMWPE + AlPi blends for gas-phase temperature profiling and chemical species detection, respectively. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests determined self-sustained combustion thresholds.
Key Results:
· 2.5 wt% AlPi reduced flame temperatures by 155 K vs. pure UHMWPE, confirming gas-phase inhibition. Addition of >10 wt% AlPi stopped self-sustained PE combustion in LOI tests.
· Mechanism: 1) Gas Phase: Detection of phosphorus-containing species by DMSTA and mass spectrometry in pyrolysis/combustion flows. Peak concentrations near the polymer surface indicated AlPi's gas-phase radical quenching. 2) Condensed Phase: A protective char layer formed on the burning surface, reducing fuel release.
· AlPi simultaneously disrupted flame chemistry (gas phase) and created a physical barrier (condensed phase).

Dual-Phase Flame Retardancy in Flexible Polyurethane Foam with Aluminum Diethylphosphinate

Wang, Xin, et al. Fire Safety Journal 106 (2019): 72-79.

Flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) are highly flammable materials requiring effective flame retardancy solutions. Aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) was evaluated as a flame retardant additive incorporated directly into FPUF during free-rise foaming in this work. This approach targeted dual-phase (gas/condensed) flame inhibition while maintaining material integrity.
Preparation: ADP was integrated into FPUF formulations via a free-rise method. ADP was dispersed in polyether polyol with dichloromethane, silicone oil, and water under ultrasonication. The mixture was blended with catalysts (stannous octoate, triethylene diamine). Toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI) was added under high-speed stirring before free-rising in open molds. Formulations with 10%, 15%, and 20% ADP (designated FPUF-ADP-10%, -15%, -20%) were prepared.
Key Results:
· TGA confirmed ADP minimally affected initial/maximum degradation temperatures, demonstrating compatibility with FPUF's thermal profile.
· Flame Retardancy Enhancement: At 20% ADP loading, peak heat release rate (PHRR) reduced by 35%, total heat release (THR) reduced by 33%, and char yield progressively increased with higher ADP concentrations.
· Dual-Phase Mechanism: For condensed phase, ADP enhanced char formation created a protective barrier inhibiting oxygen/fuel transfer. For gas phase, it was observed flame suppression indicated radical quenching activity.

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