Ammonium polyphosphate

Catalog NumberACM68333799-47

CAS Number68333-79-9

CategoryAmmonium Polyphosphate

Synonyms	APP-3; XAP-01; Ammonium polyphosphate; APP; ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant; APP-1; APP-0; polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts
Molecular Formula	(NH4PO3)n
Melting Point	>360 °C
Purity	Technical grade
Application	Flame Retardant

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Case Study

Synergistic Flame Retardant System of Ammonium Polyphosphate and Layered Double Hydroxide

Zhao, Chun-Xia, et al. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2008, 93(7), 1323-1331.

A synergistic flame retardant system was prepared using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and layered double hydroxide (LDH), which can be used for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). LDH, as a synergist, showed a significant synergistic effect with APP. The obtained PVA/APP/LDH composites showed good flame retardancy, and most of the composite samples had LOI values as high as 33 and UL-94 V-0 rating.
Preparation of the PVA/APP/LDH composites
· First, four LDHs (the molar ratio of M2+ to M3+ was 3:2, M=metal element) were prepared by coprecipitation method, namely Zn/Al-LDH, Ni/Al-LDH, Zn/Fe-LDH and Ni/Fe-LDH.
· The combined weight of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and LDH in the premixed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was maintained at 15 wt.%. LDHs were then incorporated into the PVA/APP aqueous solution at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 3.0 wt.%. The PVA/APP/LDH mixture was prepared in a three-neck round-bottom flask equipped with a vigorous stirrer at approximately 95°C for about six hours.
· The resulting transparent or translucent solution was poured onto a glass plate to form a sheet of appropriate thickness and size, adhering to the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) testing standards, and air-dried at room temperature for more than three days before undergoing additional vacuum drying at 80°C. During this drying phase, the samples' weights were periodically measured to ensure complete evaporation of water.

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Flame Retardant Based on Ammonium Polyphosphate for Epoxy Resin

Qiu, Shuilai, et al. Journal of hazardous materials, 2018, 344, 839-848.

A melamine-containing polyphosphazene-encapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (PZMA@APP) organic-inorganic hybrid flame retardant was prepared, which showed high flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression effect on epoxy resin (EP) composites. The study showed that after adding 10.0 wt% of PZMA@APP, the obtained sample passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. In addition, compared with APP, the introduction of PZMA@APP did not deteriorate the mechanical properties.
Synthesis of PZMA@APP organic-inorganic hybrid
· In a typical procedure, 1.06 g of melamine and 1.924 g of 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) were combined in 360 ml of pyridine to create solution A, which was stirred and sonicated at 53 kHz for 10 minutes in an ice bath.
· Following this, 8.0 g of APP was added to the suspension and subjected to ultrasonication for an additional hour, while the temperature was kept at 0 °C. Meanwhile, 2.0 g of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) was dissolved in 20 ml of pyridine under ice bath conditions, resulting in solution B.
· Subsequently, solution B was gradually introduced into solution A over a period of 30 minutes while maintaining the ice bath temperature. Once the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was transferred to an oil bath and heated to 80 °C, where it was held for 24 hours.
· At the end of this process, the resulting gel-like product was washed three times with ethanol and deionized water, then dried under vacuum at 65 °C to yield PZMA@APP powder.

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