Ammonium Polyphosphate phase II 01

Catalog	ACMA00023459
Description	Halogen and formaldehyde-free, non-toxic and does not generate additional quantities of smoke due to the mechanism of intumescence Requires lower loadings compared to other halogen free systems Exhibits good processability, good retention of mechanical properties and good electrical properties in thermoplastic formulations In thermosets, can be used in conjunction with ATH, which allows a significant reduction of the total FR filler High polymerization degree ("n" value > 1000), higher thermal stability and lower water solubility than APP-I
Solubility	< 0.5 g/100ml H20, 25°C
Appearance	white powder
Application	Used to prepare many types of high-efficiency intumescant coatings for the flameproof treatment of multi-story buildings, ships, trains, cables, etc. Used as the main flameproof additive for expanding-type flame retardants used in plastics, resin, rubber, etc. Used in plastics (PP, PE, PVC, etc.), polyester, rubber, expandable fireproof coatings. Flameproof treatment for woods, plywood, fiberboard, papers, and fibers. Can be used for PU applications (thermosets) and PU foam (rigid and/or flexible)
Content	P2O5: min. 71% N : min.14%
Decomposition Temperature	> 275°C
Moisture Content	<0.25%
Packaging	25kg
Particle Size	10 µm
pH	5.5-7.5 (10% aqueous)
Viscosity	max. 100 (10% aqueous, 25°C)

Case Study

Microencapsulated APP-II for Enhanced Flame Retardancy in Polypropylene

Yang, Lin, et al. Polymer degradation and stability 105 (2014): 150-159.

Challenge: Improve the flame retardant efficiency of crystalline APP-II in PP composites while addressing moisture sensitivity and dispersion limitations.
Solution: Developed melamine-formaldehyde microencapsulated APP-II (MFAPP-II) through in-situ polymerization. Incorporated MFAPP-II with pentaerythritol (PER) into polypropylene.
Key Results:
· Superior Fire Performance: Achieved V-0 UL-94 rating (vs. failure with standard APP-II); Increased LOI values (32.1 vs. 28.5 for PP/APP-II/PER).
· Enhanced Thermal Protection: 40% reduction in peak heat release rate (HRR); 35% lower total heat release (THR); Reduced maximum decomposition temperature rate.
· Optimized Material Structure: Formed compact, intumescent char barriers; Improved dispersion and matrix compatibility; Reduced water solubility by 68%.
· Mechanism: The MF shell creates thermal shielding during combustion, catalyzes robust char formation with per, and prevents premature APP-II degradation.
Conclusion: Microencapsulation transforms APP-II into a high-performance flame retardant for PP. MFAPP-II delivers V-0 compliance at equivalent loadings while significantly improving char quality, thermal stability, and processing characteristics - making it the superior choice for demanding polypropylene applications.

Ammonium Polyphosphate-II as Explosion Suppressant for Combustible Acrylate Copolymer Dust

Yu, Yuan, et al. Journal of hazardous materials 344 (2018): 558-565.

Challenge: Mitigate severe explosion risks (Pmax=10.4 bar, Kst=416 bar·m/s) in micron-sized Acrylates Copolymer (ACR) dust - classified as highly combustible with low ignition energy (10 mJ).
Solution: Applied crystalline Ammonium Polyphosphate Phase II (APP-II) as an explosion suppressant through dry powder blending.
Key Findings:
· Complete Explosion Prevention: 80 wt% APP-II loading achieved full inerting of ACR dust explosions.
· Critical Hazard Reduction: 30-40 wt% APP-II significantly increased minimum ignition energy; Eliminated explosive concentrations between 20-30 g/m3.
· Dual-Phase Mechanism: Endothermic decomposition absorbed critical ignition energy, and catalyzed char formation through chemical interaction.
· Thermal Stability Enhancement: Reduced maximum mass loss rate by 38%; Increased residual char yield by 4.2x; Elevated 90% mass loss temperature (T0.1) by 65°C.
Conclusion: APP-II transforms hazardous ACR dust into safely manageable material. At 80% loading, it provides complete explosion prevention, while lower concentrations (30-40%) significantly reduce ignition sensitivity - demonstrating APP-II's unique value as a high-performance explosion suppressant for combustible polymer processing environments.

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