Cresyl Diphenyl Phosphate

Catalog NumberACMA00023467

CategoryOther Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Synonyms	CDP
Molecular Weight	340.31
Molecular Formula	C19H17O4P
Appearance	Clear liquid
Application	CDP is a halogen-free flame retardant, characterized by a high thermal stability. It is mainly used for: PVC, Rigid PU, Flexible PU, TPU, Epoxy, Phenolic and polyester resin, PC/ABS, HIPS/PPE, rubbers.
Storage	Store the product in a cool, dry, well ventilated place away from incompatible materials.
Acid Value	0.1 max.(mg KOH/g)
APHA Color	80 max.
Content	Phosphorus (%) ~ 9.1
Moisture Content	0.1% max.
Relative Density	1.197 – 1.215g/cm³ @20°C

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Case Study

Enhancing Safety and Cycle Life of Sodium-Ion Batteries with Cresyl Diphenyl Phosphate

Xie, Bingxing, et al. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9.17 (2021): 5809-5817.

This study addressed two critical challenges for Prussian blue (PB)-based sodium-ion batteries (SIBs): poor cathode cyclability and the flammability of conventional electrolytes. It introduces cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) as a non-flammable co-solvent that simultaneously improves battery safety and reinforces the cathode-electrolyte interface.
Solution and Method: The general-quality PB cathode was synthesized via a chemical precipitation method. The non-flammable CDP was incorporated as a co-solvent into a standard ester-based electrolyte. Its effectiveness was evaluated through combustion tests, electrochemical cycling, and interface analysis.
Key Performance: The CDP-modified electrolyte provided effective flame retardancy, directly addressing the safety hazard. Furthermore, it dramatically improved the cycling stability of the PB cathode. While the initial cell delivered 106.1 mAh/g at a 1C rate, the cell with CDP retained 83.1% of its capacity after 700 cycles. This represents a significant suppression of the capacity fade typically observed in PB cathodes.
Mechanism: The performance enhancement is attributed to a unique interface reinforcement mechanism. During cycling, partial decomposition of CDP on the PB cathode surface forms a protective film containing phosphate compounds. This film stabilizes the interface by mitigating harmful side reactions. Notably, one component, FePO4, helps activate low-spin iron-ion sites within the PB lattice, contributing to the prolonged cycle life. This work demonstrated that CDP is a dual-function additive that successfully enhances both the safety and the electrochemical longevity of sodium-ion batteries.

Cresyl Diphenyl Phosphate as a Dual-Function Electrolyte Additive for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wang, Qingsong, et al. Journal of Power Sources 196.14 (2011): 5960-5965.

This study evaluated cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) as a flame-retardant additive in a LiPF6/carbonate electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries, aiming to enhance thermal safety without significantly compromising electrochemical performance.
Methodology: CDP was added to a standard 1.0 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC electrolyte at various concentrations. Its impact was assessed in LiCoO2/Li and Li/graphite half-cells. The thermal behavior of delithiated Li0.5CoO2 cathode and lithiated graphite (LixC6) anode materials, both with and without CDP-electrolyte, was critically examined using micro-calorimetry (C80) to measure heat generation and onset temperatures of exothermic reactions.
Thermal Safety: CDP effectively improved the thermal stability of both electrodes. For the LiCoO2 cathode, the addition of CDP delayed the onset temperature of thermal decomposition and reduced the total heat generation. For the graphite anode, CDP significantly improved thermal stability, with a 5% addition notably inhibiting the decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film.
Electrochemical Performance: Electrochemical tests indicated that CDP contents below 15% by weight did not severely degrade the performance of LiCoO2 or graphite electrodes. Additions above 15% caused excessive SEI formation, impeding lithium-ion transport. The study identified a 5-15% CDP concentration as optimal, achieving a critical balance where significant thermal stability improvements are gained with minimal impact on cell capacity and cycling performance.

Enhancing Epoxy Resin Performance with Halloysite Nanotube-Loaded Cresyl Diphenyl Phosphate

Zhang, Xiangliang, et al. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 141.21 (2024): e55419.

This study developed a novel composite flame retardant to overcome the drawbacks of liquid cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP)-namely, its poor thermal stability, tendency to migrate, and over-plasticization of polymers. The solution involved using halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a nanoscale carrier to encapsulate CDP, creating a composite material (HNT-CDP). The HNT-CDP composite was prepared by loading CDP into the inner lumen channels of the nanotubes. Characterization confirmed a successful loading capacity of 41 wt% CDP within the HNT structure.
Performance in Epoxy Resin: When incorporated into an epoxy resin (EP) matrix at 15 wt%, the HNT-CDP composite delivered far superior performance compared to a simple physical mixture of HNT and CDP (HNT+CDP). The EP/HNT-CDP composite achieved an exceptionally high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 48.3% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. It also showed a more significant reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR), along with a longer time to ignition. A key advantage was the dramatic improvement in mechanical performance. The EP/HNT-CDP composite exhibited a 114.5% increase in tensile strength over the EP/HNT+CDP mixture. The composite also demonstrated enhanced thermal stability and water resistance.
Mechanism: The superior performance is attributed to the channel confinement effect of the HNTs. By isolating CDP within the nanotubes, direct interaction with the polymer matrix is minimized, preventing migration and plasticization while allowing for a controlled release and synergistic flame-retardant action during combustion.

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