Piperazine Pyrophosphate

Catalog NumberACMA00023474

CategoryOther Phosphorus Flame Retardants

Description	Piperazine Pyrophosphate is a halogen-free intumescent flame retardant designed by our company for polyolefins with phosphorus and nitrogen as the main flame retardant elements (the system does not contain APP)
Density	1.5 g/cm³
Appearance	White Powder
Content	Phosphorus 18-21% Nitrogen 20-22%
Decomposition Temperature	Weight Loss 1%, min. 250℃ Weight Loss 5%, min.280℃
Feature	It has high flame retardancy efficiency, good thermal stability, no precipitation, good water resistance, light aging resistance and low smoke and non-toxicity.
Moisture Content	max 0.5%
Notes	Recommend Process Condition max. 250 ℃
Packaging	25kg
Particle Size	10 µm (D50)

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Case Study

Achieving High Fire Safety in Glass-Fiber Polypropylene with a Synergistic PAPP/MPP System

Yuan, Zha, et al. Polymer Degradation and Stability 184 (2021): 109477.

This study demonstrated the successful use of a piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) blend to create high-performance, flame-retarded glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene (FRGFPP) composites with an excellent balance of properties.
Formulation and Processing: Composites were prepared via standard melt blending and injection molding. The flame retardants, PAPP and MPP, were dry-mixed with polypropylene and glass fibers, then compounded using a twin-screw extruder. The key formulation (FRGFPP-4) utilized a PAPP to MPP mass ratio of 2:1.
Flame Retardancy Performance: The PAPP/MPP synergy yielded outstanding results. The FRGFPP-4 composite achieved the highest UL-94 classification of V-0 at a 1.6 mm thickness and an exceptionally high Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 39.9%. Cone calorimetry tests confirmed significantly reduced fire hazard, with notable decreases in peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and average effective heat of combustion.
Synergistic Mechanism: The superior performance stems from a dual-phase flame-retardant action driven by strong chemical interaction between PAPP and MPP. Condensed Phase: The interaction promotes the early formation of a compact, intumescent, and thermally stable char layer during combustion. This high-quality char acts as a dominant insulating barrier, protecting the underlying polymer. Gas Phase: The decomposition of the additives releases non-flammable gases that dilute fuel and phosphorus-containing species that inhibit flames, providing additional suppression.

Enhancing ABS Flame Retardancy with a Synergistic Piperazine Pyrophosphate and Aluminum Diethylphosphinate System

Yuan, Zha, et al. Polymer Degradation and Stability 190 (2021): 109639.

This study demonstrated the effective use of a piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) blend to create flame-retarded acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (FRABS) copolymer composites with high fire safety ratings.
Formulation and Processing: The FRABS composites were prepared via melt blending and injection molding. The key formulation (FRABS-3) contained a total of 25 wt% flame retardants, with PAPP and AlPi combined at an optimal synergistic mass ratio of 4:1.
Key Performance: The PAPP/AlPi synergy delivered excellent fire performance. The FRABS-3 composite achieved the highest UL-94 V-0 rating at a 3.2 mm thickness and a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 30.8%. Cone calorimetry tests revealed a dramatic 75.4% reduction in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and a 30.2% reduction in total heat release (THR) compared to the non-retarded ABS.
Synergistic Mechanism: The high performance is attributed to a dual-phase flame-retardant action driven by Lewis acid-base interactions between PAPP and AlPi. Condensed Phase: This interaction promotes the early formation of a cohesive, uniform, and thermally stable protective char layer before the main decomposition of ABS begins. This high-quality char acts as a dominant insulating barrier. Gas Phase: The decomposition of the additives contributes to flame inhibition and fuel dilution, providing additional suppression.

A Hierarchical Core-Shell Additive Based on Piperazine Pyrophosphate for Multifunctional Epoxy Thermosets

Wang, Ruiping, et al. Composites Part B: Engineering 287 (2024): 111870.

This study presented the development of a multifunctional filler, piperazine pyrophosphate@layered double hydroxide@reduced graphene oxide (PPAP@LDH@rGO), engineered to simultaneously address the critical needs of thermal management, fire safety, and electrical reliability in epoxy resin (EP) thermosets for advanced electronics.
Material Design and Construction: The hierarchical additive was constructed via a solvothermal and electrostatic self-assembly process. A core of piperazine pyrophosphate (PPAP) was first coated with an intermediate layer of layered double hydroxide (LDH), followed by an outer shell of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. This precise core-shell structure integrates the distinct functionalities of each component into a single, synergistic unit.
Multifunctional Performance Enhancement:
· Thermal Conductivity: With a 7 wt% addition, thermal conductivity reached 0.951 W/m/K, a 320.8% increase over pristine EP, enabling efficient heat dissipation.
· Flame Retardancy & Smoke Suppression: At just 4 wt% loading, the composite achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and a Limiting Oxygen Index of 29.8%. The system also significantly reduced the release of smoke and carbon monoxide during combustion.
· Preservation of Critical Properties: Crucially, the EP thermosets maintained excellent electrical insulation and mechanical integrity, a vital requirement for electronic applications.
Mechanism: The success of PPAP@LDH@rGO stems from the synergistic interaction within its hierarchical structure. The components work together to promote the formation of a protective char, interrupt gas-phase combustion, and create efficient pathways for heat conduction.

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